Brazil has one of the most extensive and effective sets of deforestation control policies in the world. One of the main deforestation control policies implemented by the Brazilian government over the last 15 years has been the creation of an extensive system of protected areas, including extractive reserves. Our study addresses the challenges of reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. We analyze the role of institutions in controlling deforestation, focusing on the formal rules contained within the Management Agreements of extractive reserves. Within each case, we analyzed the association between the recognition of the formal rules and the extent of deforestation. In both cases, there was high recognition of the formal rules governing natural resource use in the reserves, although there was heterogeneity among communities and in the mechanisms that facilitate recognition. The factors contributing to the recognition and non-recognition of the formal rules by reserve residents included: learning strategies theoretical and practical ; speed of institutional change; rules content ambiguous and not well-adapted ; endogenous factors e. Brazil has had one of the most extensive and effective sets of deforestation control policies in the world. However, this efficient suppression of deforestation in the Amazon ended in , and in the following five years Brazil became again the scene of rising deforestation rates Rochedo et al.


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'Violence generates violence'
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Multimillion-dollar operation exacerbated 'confrontation, shootings' and fuelled surge in police killings, critics say. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - It was naptime at the nursery school in Complex da Penha favela, and teacher Thuany Farias da Silva was cautious not to disturb the dozens of toddlers who were sprawled out asleep on the floor around her. They slept in a building surrounded by walls pocked with fist-sized bullet holes, the scars of an ongoing conflict between Rio de Janeiro's security forces and the powerful drug gangs which control many of its poorest areas. As in other similar neighbourhoods scattered throughout Rio's impoverished northern zone, civilians living here have often been caught in the middle of the violence. On December 31, the intervention ended.
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Prehistoric man learnt to swim in order to cross rivers and lakes — we know this because cave paintings from the Stone Age depicting swimmers have been found in Egypt. Swimming was also referred to in Greek mythology. Swimming was not widely practised until the early 19th century, when the National Swimming Society of Great Britain began to hold competitions. Most early swimmers used the breaststroke, or a form of it. Based on a stroke used by native South Americans, the first version of the crawl featured a scissor kick.
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